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Supplements for Memory -- doctor holding a model of a brain and fish oil capsule

Answer:

There is preliminary evidence that certain supplements modestly improve various aspects of memory or cognition. These benefits include boosting memory in people who do not have memory problems as well as improving memory or cognition in people with age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer’s disease, and other forms of dementia. At the same time, several supplements have not been shown to help with memory or cognition.

In addition, certain foods, diets, and lifestyle changes have been associated with improvements in cognition or a decreased risk of dementia.

Sign in as a member to find out if any of the following supplements help with brain function: Acetyl-L-carnitine, apoaequorin (the main ingredient in Prevagen), ashwagandha, bacopa, benfotiamine, beta-alanine, choline, cocoa flavanols, coenzyme Q10, coffee or coffee extracts, Cognivia (a sage extract), cranberry, creatine, curcumin (from turmeric), fish oil, ginger, Ginkgo biloba, grape seed extract, green tea, huperzine A, inositol-stabilized arginine silicate, iron, ketones, L-arginine, L-carnosine, lion's mane, lithium (low dose), lutein and zeaxanthin, magnesium, magnolia bark extract, medium chain triglycerides (MTC), melatonin, multivitamins, nicotinamide riboside, peppermint tea, phosphatidylserine, plasmalogen, PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone), prebiotics (such as Sunfiber), probiotics, soy isoflavone genistein, spermidine, sulforaphane, vinpocetine, and vitamins B-12, D, and E.

Also find out which foods (such as eggs or citrus fruits), diets (such as the Mediterranean and MIND diets) or lifestyle modifications may be beneficial, and learn about ingredients promoted for memory and cognition that are not permitted to be sold as supplements.

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86 Comments

Sean22629
April 26, 2025

I have been on 4 grams Lovaza for a little over 20 years. (prescription Omega 3 fish oil high in EPA and DHA). I can say when I forgot to take it, it felt like a 25% reduction in my Adderall dose. I can't say if it makes a noticeable difference on its own since Lovaza came first, but didn't test if skipping a day made a difference or not after being on it for a while.

When I was having trouble with my medications, I started looking into supplements as a desperate last resort. I first tried NAC and ALCAR together and was amazed that it allowed me to continue working another 2 to 4 hours longer where I would normally have no choice but to stop and take a nap.

Rosalie21412
December 13, 2024

Thank you for the update on the supplements for cognition and dementia. There is so much misinformation and hyped marketing that prey on folks, thanks Consumerlab.

scott18904
March 04, 2024

Two year ago I took up tennis and play three times a week. I have a coach who pushes me hard for an hour so I am doing a lot of deep breathing ( may requirement). I am 83 years old. My mental alertness and memory seems to improve noticeably. I have also consumed green tea for at least 20 years and been on a whole foods, plant-based (WFPB) diet ( exception a small amount of fish each week) for 5 years.

Scott20697
September 24, 2024

Green tea can cause Iron deficiency?

ConsumerLab.com
September 30, 2024

You can find information about green tea and iron deficiency in the ConsumerTips section of our Green Tea Review https://www.consumerlab.com/reviews/green-tea-review-tea-bags-matcha-supplements/green-tea/#iron.

Suzanne18857
February 27, 2024

Make sure you don't have a piece of blueberry on a tooth. They stain. Of course it happened right after I had my teeth cleaned. lolol

Sidqi
November 13, 2023

In college I needed a nap at around 4pm. It cleared my mind and relaxed me so that I could study better. But, here is the interesting part. I used a timer because if I napped twenty minutes I got kind of a sleepy grogginess—100% of the time But if I napped for 15 minutes, I was sharp and alert. 100% of the time. Maybe 20 minutes brought me into the beginning of sleep mode , while 15mins was the perfect dose to benefit from the pre-sleep mode.

Linda1499
January 06, 2024

I am the same. 15-20 minutes great. More than that left me feeling tired.

Jonathan18458
January 18, 2024

This is because you start to slip into a deeper stage of sleep after about 20 minutes. There's also another interval, a micro nap, Which is less than 10 minutes. I learned about these intervals during graduate school when I read a paper on sleep cycles. It helped me survive graduate school, even though I had undiagnosed sleep apnea.

Rick18868
February 28, 2024

This has been studied pretty well, and the 10-minute nap is considered optimal for most people. Works for me. I do it almost every day. It seems like you build skill with this, so I find that if I'm pressed for time I can sometimes do 7 or 8 minutes and still feel refreshed.

AnnAnn
September 20, 2024

Rick18868, how long does it take you to fall asleep? I'm thinking that 5 min. is a pretty common amt of time to fall asleep, so you would actually be sleeping only 5 min.?

Joyce McIntire21051
November 08, 2024

How do you watch the clock while napping? Or, do you use a timer.

njb
January 12, 2025

I like 2 hr naps!

carol1496
November 06, 2023

Do you have any information on the benefits of taking pregnenolone for older adults for mental acuity and memory?

ConsumerLab.com
November 09, 2023

Please see the "Other Conditions" section of our CL Answer about pregnenolone for information about evidence for pregnenolone supplementation for memory https://www.consumerlab.com/answers/will-pregnenolone-help-slow-down-aging/pregnenolone-aging/.

Stan1492
September 02, 2023

While listing the benefits of blueberries you fail to mention the dangers! In the film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, the character Violet Beauregarde turn blues, inflates, and expand into a giant blueberry.after chewing a non-perfected strip of chewing gum. She is then rolled out of the room by three Oompa-Loompas and through the door with the assistance of her mother. A cautionary tale, no doubt.

ConsumerLab.com
September 02, 2023

An excellent point! Sorry we forgot to mention that. May you live in happiness, too, like the like the Oompa Loompa Doompety do!

Pat1495
September 03, 2023

Wow, I wasn't aware of that and I eat blueberries every day. Will cut back and hope for the best.

Shannon1493
November 17, 2023

This thread makes me so happy :)

India18770
February 19, 2024

This is why I love Consumer Lab. I’m sufficiently tickled for the day.

Joseph18855
February 27, 2024

Actually eating too many blueberries can affect the color of your stool.

David Bruce18861
February 27, 2024

Well THAT explains my sudden weight gain... those gosh-darned anthocyanins!

edward20776
October 04, 2024

Hey …it’s only a movie !!!

Joyce McIntire21052
November 08, 2024

Well, Joseph----don't sit on stools after you eat blueberries, obviously!

Susan1489
September 01, 2023

I wonder if results from studies using fresh fruit are not different than those based on consumption of "freeze-dried" fruit or other extracted compounds from fruit. Enzymes and perhaps other important substances may be destroyed or altered with processing thus resulting in contradictory results of lab studies.

Robert1486
May 19, 2023

Regarding the association or lack of association of PPIs with dementia, the Bayer study is somewhat reassuring, but three years is surely not long enough to detect a potential increase in dementia.

BJ1476
November 14, 2022

Does Citicoline 100 mg help with memory loss

ConsumerLab.com
November 18, 2022

As noted in our Choline Supplements Review ( https://www.consumerlab.com/reviews/choline-review/choline/#whatitdoesmemory), there is some evidence that citicoline might have some memory benefits, but results are mixed and the benefits, if any, have generally been shown when citicoline is taken in doses higher than 100 mg daily.

Catherine1455
May 24, 2022

Wow! There is a LOT of stuff on here about every kind of supplement BUT there is NOTHING about the amount of sleep a person needs in order to have adequate brain function! Trust me, a lack of sleep will hamper your ability to think clearly!! So before you reach for a drug or supplement, check into the amount of actual sleep you are getting. Getting adequate sleep is truly a game changer, both for physical, mental and psychological health. In fact, lack of sleep can cause psychosis. See https://www.webmd.com/connect-to-care/sleep-apnea/sleep-deprivation-psychosis-is-a-real-thing.

ncates64
August 21, 2022

Good point—sleep is foundational.

Richard1471
October 08, 2022

I agree, but to be fair this article is titled "Do Any Supplements Help With Brain Function".

Jane1470
December 16, 2022

If only we had a way to help us sleep better but alas most of the protocols do not seem to help much.

Edward1464
April 16, 2023

Everyone appears to be in agreement that proper sleep is crucial in almost every aspect of health. I am 75 yoa and secondary to BPH, I can't remember the last time that I had a proper nights sleep. In all honesty, I am not looking forward to being prescribed additional medication. Anything new on the horizon?

joanna1461
April 29, 2023

The CALM app has green noise to listen as you fall asleep. It might be good.

Tracie1463
May 19, 2023

I eat very healthy, I am at a healthy weight, exercise regularly, but still felt unrested every morning. Dr. suggested getting tested for sleep apnea. BINGO! Life changing. I felt 10 years younger as soon as I got used to the CPAP machine. I took me about 3 months to get used to it. And yes consistent lack of oxygen while you sleep will contribute to Dementia, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and chance of early death. Sleep apnea is not just a heavy person's disease.

BJ1458
July 28, 2023

Edward28105… Found getting up and reading anything when mind will not stop racing, read until big yawning seems adequate time wise, it works and have gone thru several books. Same if cant go to sleep.

Marco1469
July 29, 2023

Agreed!

Douglas N1468
September 04, 2023

I'm 66. When waking and unable to get back to sleep doing 5 slow breaths -- sigh all air out and take 60 seconds inbreathe to the gut, not chest, I fall back asleep easily and wake very refreshed. Takes about 6=7 minutes to do 5 breaths.

Scott21109
November 18, 2024

YES, Catherine1455. Sleep is so important.

Dev
April 04, 2022

Has anyone researched or had experience with either Elysium products or Advanced Bionutritionals? Both companies touted that their products are research-based.

ConsumerLab.com
April 05, 2022

You can find details about our laboratory tests of Elysium's Basis and a clinical study investigating the effects of this supplement in the "Niacin" section of our B Vitamin Supplements Review https://www.consumerlab.com/reviews/review-best-b-vitamins-and-complexes-energy-b6-b12-biotin-niacin-folic-acid/bvitamins/#b3

Karen1448
March 06, 2023

I use an app on my cell phone called "calm" It has music and meditation, etc, but the one I find truly helpful is called "Sleep stories." Many of them transport me into sleep before they are done. However, I don't think anyone can stay awake through the one that explains the game of cricket!

ELONA J.1449
April 11, 2023

Karen27628, I may follow up on both the apps you mention. I'm interested in the Sleep Stories because, for many years, I've gone to sleep with the help of audio books on CD I get from the library. It must work like the "bedtime stories" in childhood do. I go right off to sleep, often before the end of one "chapter" of the CD tracks. Audio books of intellectual material do not work the same way; it's only novels - "stories" - that will put my brain to sleep. :) Thanks for your two ideas.

Mary1447
April 16, 2023

The sleep stories on Calm are designed specifically to put you to sleep i.e. slow, deliberate narration; relaxing content; no sudden changes in volume. They have a YouTube channel where you can find samples. I subscribed for a year, but decided that there are equally good sources elsewhere if you have the time to look.

marilyn1442
March 18, 2022

Does Prevagen help with memory loss?

ConsumerLab.com
April 28, 2022
Steven1436
September 27, 2020

My DNA relative to dementia is somewhat mixed. My grandparents on my mother's side never had any signs of cognitive decline and lived into their 80s (grandma almost 90). All four of their children had some level of dementia. My mother and one of her brothers only suffered short term memory loss. They repeated themselves constantly but they always remembered their children and could talk about things that happened earlier in their life. They both lived into their 80s. My mother's sister and her other brother were both smokers. They both got dementia in their early 70s that progressed fairly quickly to the point they didn't know anyone. They both died before 80. I try to just eat well and don't take any supplements specific to cognition. I have heard positive things about phosphatidylserine, however, at best, it seems that the benefit may be short lived and not slow the progression of any disease.

ConsumerLab.com
September 30, 2020
Richard1431
August 06, 2020

I know of one supplement that produces noticeable effects for myself mentally...Herbal Extract Memory Complex. Problem is I can only take it for 4-5 days before it is too much...really wakes me up. Was no longer available...but now is..Swanson.

Dr. Amen recommends ginkgo biloba supplements to his patients...he does brain scans showing areas of weak circulation.

I've tried several nootropic supplements at various times and my conclusion is that they can be effective...but you need to watch your sleep cause nothing is going to make you worse mentally than not getting enough good sleep.

Caroline1433
April 28, 2023

While I read a couple of Dr. Amen’s books (I have Executive Function Disorder from my severe traumatic brain injury in 1997) and the symptoms seemed close to ADHD. I started taking gingko biloba until I was diagnosed with post-traumatic epilepsy; for which gingko, evening primrose oil, and sage are contraindicated. As my diet contains only occasional fish, I was taking fish oil supplements, but stopped when I had one of my surgeries and didn’t recommence.

Janet1434
April 29, 2023

I have found the low dose lithium orotate really helped my attention.

Sally1427
June 28, 2020

What about Uridine and Alpha-GPC?

ConsumerLab.com
July 07, 2020

Uridine has been shown to improve memory in animals (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2574024/) but there does not appear to be research on its effects on memory in people. There is evidence that supplementation with Alpha-GPC (which contains choline) may be helpful for people with Alzheimer's disease (see the Choline Supplements Review for more information https://www.consumerlab.com/reviews/choline-review/choline/#dementia).

Gidget1420
May 31, 2020

Just yesterday I was listening to an online series of Alzheimers and the latest information. A comment about blueberries was that frozen blueberries (which have had the cell walls burst by freezing) actually make the nutrients more readily available than fresh blueberries.

ConsumerLab.com
June 03, 2020

Thank you for sharing that. You can find more information about that research here https://phys.org/news/2014-02-frozen-blueberries.html and here https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=honors_papers.

Carol1423
June 28, 2020

that is so interesting about the frozen blueberries! thank you for sharing.

Carole1421
October 01, 2021

I have been using frozen wild blueberries for years and only buy fresh when when frozen isn't available which has been the case lately . (Probably Covid related)

Catherine1426
May 24, 2022

Bear in mind that produce that is destined for freezing is usually frozen quickly after it is picked, so it retains more of its nutrients. But with fresh produce, you can't be sure how long that produce has been sitting around after it was picked.

Sean22205
March 08, 2025

I hate all berries. But want to get the potential benefits of their phytonutrients. Tried several brands and types of freeze dried berries. Could get some down. But can't motivate myself to reach for it as a snack even when I put it in front of me for a month. I'd have to double check to be sure, but my impression was supplements were expensive and didn't really stack up to a serving of berries.
I wish I wasn't so fussy. Hopefully I will find an option that works for me someday.

gordon1413
September 14, 2017

I have found that Dr David Perlmutter's input on brain function is very worthwhile.

Pamela1414
June 23, 2021

Yes! I enjoy his work as well as Dr Lisa Mosconi's and Dr. Susan Pierce Thompson. I've found combining their approaches, coupled with good sleep hygiene, has helped me immensely.

Alan1408
October 19, 2016

I especially want to respond to Robert8669's comment. His analyses are spot on, especially his concluding remark: "For now, the top of my list includes regulating blood sugar, exercising, and consuming a diverse array of antioxidants throughout each day, hedging my bets, if you will." Hedging our bets is what we MUST do for now. He also gets it right when he says, "If I had to guess today, I would say that the causes of Alzheimer's involve chronic inflammation and an unlucky combination of genetic dispositions." He goes on to say that beta-amyloid is a "firefighter" of sorts. Researchers are now raising the possibility that beta-amyliod may bet formed as the result of an immune response to cerebral inflammation, thus decreasing the tendency to demonize it. Perhaps a gross analogy is that beta-amyloid is the brain's scar tissue and, while scar tissue may not be our first choice, it ultimately serves a useful purpose. For now, who can say for sure?

Ty1409
September 13, 2017

This might explain why, in the so-called Nun Study, some of the participants who showed no dementia symptoms, had significant amyloid deposits post-mortem.

cynthia1410
November 27, 2019

Re: the Nun's Study--it was also found, post mortem, that nuns with the highest blood levels of lycopene had been the most likely to remain active and to be able to care for themselves (and others) throughout life. They found no such correlation with any other antioxidant. Lycopene is best absorbed from cooked tomatoes, juice. Like most antioxidants, it is better absorbed from food than from purified supplements.

Rob T
May 04, 2016

The problem with taking a strong position on issues related to nutrition and Alzheimer's (and Alzheimer's prevention) is that we really don't understand the causes of the disease.

While the beta-amyloid causal model is popular in certain medical circles and with the public, there is very little evidence to support it and much evidence that contradicts it. Beta-amyloid seems to be involved but probably in ways similar to the way cholesterol is involved in artery disease and firefighters are involved in fires. All are present at the event but they are probably an effect and not a cause. Why is this important? Treating effects is less certain to bring benefits than identifying and interfering with causes.

Until we know better, the list provided by CL, including Magnesium L-threonate, falls into the "it couldn't hurt and is otherwise beneficial" category, especially if you have reason to suspect genetic predisposition. It is also worth noting that the incidence of Alzheimer's is low in areas that consume a great deal of turmeric in their daily diets. Perhaps, but we should also consider that these diets are also associated with large amounts of ginger, garlic, and other potentially beneficial dietary products.

The issue gets even more complicated when considering what my neurosurgeon friends tell me about the low correlation between cognitive function and physical deterioration of the brain in Alzheimer's patients. Some people seem to lose cognitive function quickly with relatively little brain damage while other individuals remain cognitively competent despite widespread physical deterioration. What does this mean? We do not know.

If I had to guess today, I would say that the causes of Alzheimer's involve chronic inflammation and an unlucky combination of genetic dispositions. My guess is that beta-amyloid will turn out to be one of the firefighters.

For now, the top of my list includes regulating blood sugar, exercising, and consuming a diverse array of antioxidants throughout each day, hedging my bets, if you will.

Rhonda1402
August 18, 2016

Thank you for sharing and equating beta amyloid in the brain to cholesterol in the arteries. Probably both are firefighters rather than arsonists

diana1405
November 15, 2021

I eat wild caught fish, blueberries, whole wheat bread, brown rice, green vegetables, take vitamins and supplements tailored to my brain’s needs. Also I don’t eat for 12 hours between last meal of the day and first meal of the next day to reduce exposure of my brain to glycemic spikes. I exercise every day with an emphasis on building muscle mass. I kept my sugar intake as low as possible.

Robert20521
August 27, 2024

Beta-amyloid has anti-microbial purposes. It gets produced to fight viruses in the brain.

The most significant one there is HSV1, the virus that causes cold sores. It's a major risk-factor for dementia because of how common it is (most adults have it) and how once we have it, we have it for life.

According to an anecdotal analysis of 8000 people with HSV1 and 25000 age and sex-matched controls, having HSV1 made people 256% as likely to acquire dementia (95% CI: 2.351-2.795, P < 0.001). Of those people, ones taking anti-herpetic drugs to treat their cold sores had a 'side-effect' of their risk of dementia being reduced by 90% (adjusted HR = 0.092 [95% CI 0.079-0.108], P < 0.001)).

HSV1 causing Alzheimer's also accounts for the APOE4 allele being a significant risk. It has now been determined that having that gene makes it easier for HSV1 to cross the blood-brain barrier.

Source
Anti-herpetic Medications and Reduced Risk of Dementia in Patients with Herpes Simplex Virus Infections—a Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan (2018, posted in PubMed)

Robert1397
April 03, 2016

Is there any info on prevagen?

ConsumerLab.com
April 04, 2016

Hi Robert - Yes, please see the CL Answer about Prevagen here: https://www.consumerlab.com/answers/does-prevagen-really-improve-memory/prevagen-memory/

gordon1399
September 14, 2017

I sold this product when it was in the natural products arena. Those retailers who bought Prevagen had about 2/3rds returned for ineffectiveness.

Myrto1389
May 10, 2015

In a paper by Dale Bredesen, he also mentions CDP Choline, bacopa monnieri, and resveratrol. He also introduces the idea of a multifaceted program to reverse cognitive decline. I think this is a fascinating possibility and that we will learn more about it in years to come. Please comment on those supplements as well, as I did find research that seems to support their use.
Here's the link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4221920/

Kenneth1384
April 20, 2015

What about fisetin? Search for Pamela Maher's work at the Salk Institute.

ConsumerLab.com
May 18, 2015
Ilima1373
April 19, 2015

What about phosphatidylserine? I have heard that helps with brain function.

ConsumerLab.com
April 24, 2015
M. J.1375
April 21, 2017

Is phosphatidylcholine the same at phosphatidylserine?

ConsumerLab.com
April 27, 2017

Hi MJ - Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine are two different compounds, although they both belong to a class of compounds called phospholipids. Please see this CL Answer: https://www.consumerlab.com/answers/do-either-phosphatidylserine-or-phosphatidylcholine-help-with-memory-and-cognition-how-are-these-supplements-different/phosphatidylserine-phosphatidylcholine/. As noted in the Answer, you can find more information about phosphatidylcholine in the Choline Supplements Review ( https://www.consumerlab.com/reviews/choline-review/choline/).

micheline1377
October 15, 2017

I take phosphatidylserine at night primarily to lower cortisol, it seems to work.

Ben1372
September 24, 2014

Has Consumerlab looked at any of the other popular nootropics such as the racetam group of compounds (e.g. piracetam, oxiracetam, etc.)? They've started showing up in functional beverages like TruBrain.

ConsumerLab.com
September 24, 2014

Thank you Erik and Al - we've added vinpocetine to the list.

GerneyLee1370
February 17, 2017

What about choline? Lecithin? For the brain?

ConsumerLab.com
February 21, 2017

Hi Gerney - We've now added information about choline to the answer above. Please also see the "What It Does" section of the Choline Supplements Review ( https://www.consumerlab.com/reviews/choline-review/choline/#whatitdoes) for more about this.

Al1368
September 24, 2014

You should mention vinpocetine which is widely used in Europe in treat low blood flow to the brain. In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial it was found to be effective for treating senile dementia. Available from any vitamin/supplement seller and not expensive.

Another over-the counter product that has been touted by naturopathic doctors is Cebria which supposedly contains a neuropeptide that enhances the glucose levels in the brain by crossing the blood-brain barrier. However, it is a pricier patented product like Protandim (recently tested by ConsumerLab) and only available from the manufacturer. Online comments range from 5 stars "thumbs up" to 1 star "scam" and "ripoff". Perhaps ConsumerLab will someday test it.

Erik1366
September 24, 2014

What about Vinpocetine? There are quite a few studies showing it has a significant impact on cognition and memory..

Sean22628
April 26, 2025

I take vinpocetine myself twice a day.

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